Chapter Three: Water Sources Analysis - Revision history

Juma: /* 3.5.9 Elevation of a source of water supply */

2022-07-20T16:02:29Z

3.5.9 Elevation of a source of water supply

Juma: /* 3.5.8 Topography of the project area and its surroundings */

2022-07-20T15:57:14Z

3.5.8 Topography of the project area and its surroundings

Juma: /* 3.5.7 Distance of water supply source */

2022-07-20T15:56:43Z

3.5.7 Distance of water supply source

Juma: /* 3.5.6 Legal and management requirements */

2022-07-20T15:56:22Z

3.5.6 Legal and management requirements

Juma: /* Groundwater Quality */

2022-07-20T15:55:45Z

Groundwater Quality

Juma: /* 3.5.2 Quality of water sources */

2022-07-20T15:54:19Z

3.5.2 Quality of water sources

Juma: /* 3.5.2.2 Groundwater Quality */

2022-07-20T15:52:55Z

3.5.2.2 Groundwater Quality

Juma: /* 3.5.2.2 Groundwater Quality */

2022-07-20T15:51:55Z

3.5.2.2 Groundwater Quality

Juma: /* 3.5GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES */

2022-07-20T15:50:34Z

3.5GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES

Juma: /* 3.4 PILOT TESTING OF WATER SOURCES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF APPROPRIATE TREATMENT */

2022-07-20T15:48:29Z

3.4 PILOT TESTING OF WATER SOURCES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF APPROPRIATE TREATMENT

@@ Line 419: / Line 419: @@
 the cost of construction or laying of pipes is very high in such areas.
-== 3.5.9 Elevation of a source of water supply ==
+== Elevation of a source of water supply ==
 The source of water should preferably be at a higher elevation than the
 demand area so as to provide sufficient residual pressure in the water for daily
 requirements. When the water is available at lower levels, then pumps are used to pressurize water. This requires excess developmental and operational tasks and costs.
-=== 3.6 DETERMINATION OF WATER SOURCE YIELD ===
+=== Determination of Water Source Yield ===
-==== 3.6.1 Rainwater and Fog Harvesting ====
+==== Rainwater and Fog Harvesting ====
-===== 3.6.1.1 Rainwater Harvesting =====
+=====  Rainwater Harvesting =====
 Rainwater harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into
 natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface
@@ Line 432: / Line 432: @@
 systems are described in the sections below.
-'''''3.6.1.1.1 Types of Rainwater Harvesting'''''<br>
+===== Types of Rainwater Harvesting =====
 Two types of rainwater harvesting should be considered:
 * Land catchment
@@ Line 463: / Line 463: @@
 [[Image:Table_3.2.jpg|640px|link=DCOM_Volume_I]] <br>
-'''''3.6.1.1.2 Components of a Rainwater Harvesting System'''''<br>
+====== Components of a Rainwater Harvesting System ======
 (a) Catchments Area: The catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface
 which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to the system.<br>
@@ Line 477: / Line 477: @@
 (e) First Flush pipe<br>
-'''''3.6.1.1.3 Estimation of the Yield'''''<br>
+===== Estimation of the Yield =====
 A first estimate of the average yield of a catchments area can be found using the
 following expression.
@@ Line 493: / Line 493: @@
 [[Image:Fomula3.3.jpg|624px|link=DCOM_Volume_I]] <br>
-===== 3.6.1.2 Fog Harvesting =====
+====== Fog Harvesting ======
 Fog harvesting technology though unconventional is an innovative technology and
 a very simple method of harvesting water. In this process, massive vertical shade
@@ Line 513: / Line 513: @@
 supply drinking water for 17 teachers and 300 pupils.
-==== 3.6.2 Hydrological Analysis of Surface Waters ====
+====  Hydrological Analysis of Surface Waters ====
 The Design Manual for Water Supply projects is expected to reflect the best
 concepts on what constitutes the basis for designing a safe, reliable and sustainable
@@ Line 787: / Line 787: @@
 supply project.
-==== 3.6.3 Hydrogeological Analysis of Groundwater ====
+====  Hydrogeological Analysis of Groundwater ====
 The safe or long-term yield of a borehole or well can be defined as the maximum
 quantity of water that can be obtained permanently from the borehole or well.
@@ Line 799: / Line 799: @@
 * Analysis of aquifer boundary conditions
-===== 3.6.3.1 Pumping Tests =====
+=====  Pumping Tests =====
 A pumping test is a practical method of estimating well performance, well
 capacity, the zone of influence of the well and aquifer characteristics (e.g., the
@@ Line 916: / Line 916: @@
 presented in Section 9.1.4.
-=== 3.7 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR VARIOUS WATER SOURCES ===
+=== Other Considerations For Various Water Sources ===
-==== 3.7.1 Water Permits Considerations ====
+====  Water Permits Considerations ====
 During the course of the implementation of water supply projects, designers will
 need to work with the relevant Water Basin Authorities and relevant catchment
@@ Line 926: / Line 926: @@
 Basin Water Board prior to planning expansion of any new water supply project.
-==== 3.7.2 Conservation of Water Sources ====
+==== Conservation of Water Sources ====
 In line with NAWAPO, the protection and conservation of water sources is one
 of the main duties of all the Basin Water Boards. Intuitively, for national water
@@ Line 940: / Line 940: @@
 '''REFERENCES'''<br>
-Amit Kohli and Karen Frenken (2015). Evaporation from artificial lakes and reservoirs:<br>
+Amit Kohli and Karen Frenken (2015). Evaporation from artificial lakes and reservoirs:
-AQUASTAT Programme, FAO 1:http://www.fao.org/3/a-bc814e.pdf<br>
-Dr. Sharafaddin Abdullah Saleh, Prof. Dr. Taha Taher and Prof. Dr. Abdulla Noaman (2017).<br>
+AQUASTAT Programme, FAO 1:http://www.fao.org/3/a-bc814e.pdf
 Manual for Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Water and Environment Center<br>
 (WEC) – Sana’a University, Yemen

@@ Line 414: / Line 414: @@
 selected.
-== 3.5.8 Topography of the project area and its surroundings ==
+== Topography of the project area and its surroundings ==
 The area or land between the source and the area to be served by water supply
 system should not be highly uneven, i.e., it should not have steep slopes because

@@ Line 408: / Line 408: @@
 land may cause access problems.
-== 3.5.7 Distance of water supply source ==
+== Distance of water supply source ==
 The source of the water supply must be situated as near to the demand area as
 possible. Hence, less length of pipes needs to be installed and thus economical

@@ Line 403: / Line 403: @@
 the raw water.
-== 3.5.6 Legal and management requirements ==
+==Legal and management requirements ==
 The ownership of the land and the legal requirements of obtaining permission to
 abstract are also factors to consider when selecting a source. Sources on private

@@ Line 367: / Line 367: @@
 [[Image:Figure_3.2.jpg|363px|link=DCOM_Volume_I]] <br>
-  '''Figure 3.2: The Three Components of the Piper Plot'''
+'''Figure 3.2: The Three Components of the Piper Plot'''
-  (Source: http://inside.mines.edu, Golden Software Support)
+(Source: http://inside.mines.edu, Golden Software Support)
 '''''Interpretation of the diamond plot'''''<br>

@@ Line 288: / Line 288: @@
 stream and thus considered as the water source reliability.
-== 3.5.2 Quality of water sources ==
+==Quality of water sources ==
-=== 3.5.2.1 Surface Water Quality ===
+=== Surface Water Quality ===
 The assessment of water quality of a water source is important to establish the
 suitability of water source for human consumption. The quality of surface water is

@@ Line 309: / Line 309: @@
 on the feasibility of the water supply project.
-== 3.5.2.2 Groundwater Quality ==
+== Groundwater Quality ==
 Generally, all groundwater contains salts in its solution that are derived from the
 location and past movement of the water. Groundwater quality parameters exhibit

@@ Line 366: / Line 366: @@
 bicarbonate waters. See example on Figure 3.2.
-  [[Image:Figure_3.2.jpg|363px|link=DCOM_Volume_I]] <br>
+[[Image:Figure_3.2.jpg|363px|link=DCOM_Volume_I]] <br>
    '''Figure 3.2: The Three Components of the Piper Plot'''
    (Source: http://inside.mines.edu, Golden Software Support)
@@ Line 379: / Line 379: @@
 ion exchange. See Figure 3.3.
- [[Image:Figure_3.3.jpg|363px|link=DCOM_Volume_I]] <br>
+[[Image:Figure_3.3.jpg|363px|link=DCOM_Volume_I]] <br>
- '''Figure 3.3: Interpretation of the Diamond Plot'''<br>
+'''Figure 3.3: Interpretation of the Diamond Plot'''<br>
- (Source: http://inside.mines.edu, Golden Software Support)
+(Source: http://inside.mines.edu, Golden Software Support)
-=== 3.5.3 Technical Requirements ===
+=== Technical Requirements ===
 The development of the source should be technically feasible, the operation and
 maintenance requirements for the source abstraction and supply system should
 be appropriate to the resources available.
-=== 3.5.4 Cost implications to develop a water source ===
+=== Cost implications to develop a water source ===
 The assessment of investment costs to develop a given water source including
 operation and maintenance costs has a bearing in the selection of the water
@@ Line 394: / Line 394: @@
 to be considered in the selection of a water source.
-=== 3.5.5 Protection of water sources ===
+===Protection of water sources ===
 The location of a water source is a key factor in securing the highest quality water
 source. In analysing a water source location, the design engineer should consider

@@ Line 258: / Line 258: @@
 condensates from fog may not need to be pilot tested.
-== 3.5GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES ==
+== General Considerations for Selection of Water Sources ==
 In the selection of a source or sources of water supply, adequacy and reliability of
 the available supply can be considered as the overriding criteria. Without these,
@@ Line 280: / Line 280: @@
 follows:<br>
-=== 3.5.1 Adequacy and reliability ===
+=== Adequacy and reliability ===
 Adequacy of water supply requires that the quantity of water flow from a water
 source be large enough to meet present and future water demand. On the other

@@ Line 247: / Line 247: @@
 of these two sources should be undertaken.
-== 3.4 PILOT TESTING OF WATER SOURCES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF APPROPRIATE TREATMENT ==
+== Pilot Testing Of Water Sources for Establishment of Appropriate Treatment ==
 A decision on whether the water source needs to be subjected to water
 treatment or otherwise will emanate from the results of the short term tests on