Difference between revisions of "DCOM Volume I"
From Ministry of Water DCOM Manual
Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
TABLE OF CONTENTS | TABLE OF CONTENTS | ||
− | LIST OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS v | + | * LIST OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS v |
− | CHAPTER ONE 1 | + | * CHAPTER ONE 1 |
− | INTRODUCTION 1 | + | * INTRODUCTION 1 |
− | 1.1 Global Considerations on Water Supply and Sanitation 1 | + | * 1.1 Global Considerations on Water Supply and Sanitation 1 |
− | 1.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 | + | * 1.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 |
− | 1.1.2 Climate Change and Resilience to Climate Change 2 | + | * 1.1.2 Climate Change and Resilience to Climate Change 2 |
− | 1.1.3 Public Private Partnership in Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Developing Countries 3 | + | * 1.1.3 Public Private Partnership in Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Developing Countries 3 |
− | 1.1.4 International Water Law 4 | + | * 1.1.4 International Water Law 4 |
− | 1.2 Development Agenda and Water and Sanitation Sector in Tanzania 5 | + | * 1.2 Development Agenda and Water and Sanitation Sector in Tanzania 5 |
− | 1.2.1 National Water Policy 7 | + | * 1.2.1 National Water Policy 7 |
− | 1.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework for Water Supply and Sanitation Services 8 | + | * 1.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework for Water Supply and Sanitation Services 8 |
− | 1.2.3 Coverage and Access to Water Supply Services 9 | + | * 1.2.3 Coverage and Access to Water Supply Services 9 |
− | 1.2.4 Policy Environment for Water and Sanitation Services in Tanzania 9 | + | * 1.2.4 Policy Environment for Water and Sanitation Services in Tanzania 9 |
− | 1.2.5 Major Stakeholders in Water Supply and Sanitation Projects 10 | + | * 1.2.5 Major Stakeholders in Water Supply and Sanitation Projects 10 |
− | 1.2.6 Water Supply and Sanitation Public Private Partnership in Tanzania 11 | + | * 1.2.6 Water Supply and Sanitation Public Private Partnership in Tanzania 11 |
− | 1.3 Rationale for Preparation of the Fourth Edition DCOM Manual 12 | + | * 1.3 Rationale for Preparation of the Fourth Edition DCOM Manual 12 |
− | 1.4 About the Fourth Edition of the DCOM Manual 13 | + | * 1.4 About the Fourth Edition of the DCOM Manual 13 |
− | 1.5 Organisation of the 4th edition of the DCOM Manual 14 | + | * 1.5 Organisation of the 4th edition of the DCOM Manual 14 |
− | 1.6 Purpose of this Volume 14 | + | * 1.6 Purpose of this Volume 14 |
− | 1.7 References 15 | + | * 1.7 References 15 |
− | CHAPTER TWO 17 | + | * CHAPTER TWO 17 |
− | PROJECT PLANNING 17 | + | * PROJECT PLANNING 17 |
− | 2.1 Planning Considerations for Water Supply Projects 17 | + | * 2.1 Planning Considerations for Water Supply Projects 17 |
− | 2.2 Project Planning Steps 18 | + | * 2.2 Project Planning Steps 18 |
− | 2.3 Pump Protection 18 | + | * 2.3 Pump Protection 18 |
− | 2.3.1 Initiation 18 | + | * 2.3.1 Initiation 18 |
− | 2.3.1.1 Community Assessment Steps 20 | + | * 2.3.1.1 Community Assessment Steps 20 |
− | 2.3.1.2 Methods of conducting community assessment 20 | + | * 2.3.1.2 Methods of conducting community assessment 20 |
− | 2.3.1.2.1 Comprehensive community assessment 20 | + | * 2.3.1.2.1 Comprehensive community assessment 20 |
− | 2.3.1.2.2 Strategic community assessment 20 | + | * 2.3.1.2.2 Strategic community assessment 20 |
− | 2.3.2 Pre-feasibility Study 21 | + | * 2.3.2 Pre-feasibility Study 21 |
− | 2.3.3 Feasibility Study 21 | + | * 2.3.3 Feasibility Study 21 |
− | 2.3.3.1 Water Supply Projects Ranking and Technology Selection Criteria 22 | + | * 2.3.3.1 Water Supply Projects Ranking and Technology Selection Criteria 22 |
− | 2.3.3.1.1 Ranking of Projects 22 | + | * 2.3.3.1.1 Ranking of Projects 22 |
− | 2.3.3.1.2 Choice of Technology 23 | + | * 2.3.3.1.2 Choice of Technology 23 |
− | 2.3.4 Preliminary and Detailed Design 23 | + | * 2.3.4 Preliminary and Detailed Design 23 |
− | 2.3.4.1 Detailed Engineering Drawings 24 | + | * 2.3.4.1 Detailed Engineering Drawings 24 |
− | 2.3.4.2 Detailed estimates of capital costs 24 | + | * 2.3.4.2 Detailed estimates of capital costs 24 |
− | 2.3.4.3 Detailed estimates of recurrent costs 24 | + | * 2.3.4.3 Detailed estimates of recurrent costs 24 |
− | 2.3.4.4 Anticipated revenue 25 | + | * 2.3.4.4 Anticipated revenue 25 |
− | 2.3.4.5 Detailed design report 25 | + | * 2.3.4.5 Detailed design report 25 |
− | 2.3.4.6 Project write-up to be submitted to potential financiers 25 | + | * 2.3.4.6 Project write-up to be submitted to potential financiers 25 |
− | 2.3.5 Project Phasing 25 | + | * 2.3.5 Project Phasing 25 |
− | 2.3.6 Procurement 26 | + | * 2.3.6 Procurement 26 |
− | 2.3.6.1 2.2.6.1 Preparation of Tender Documents 26 | + | * 2.3.6.1 2.2.6.1 Preparation of Tender Documents 26 |
− | 2.3.6.2 Tendering process 27 | + | * 2.3.6.2 Tendering process 27 |
− | 2.3.7 Implementation/Construction Stage 27 | + | * 2.3.7 Implementation/Construction Stage 27 |
− | 2.3.7.1 Contract Management 27 | + | * 2.3.7.1 Contract Management 27 |
− | 2.3.7.2 Contract supervision and administration 27 | + | * 2.3.7.2 Contract supervision and administration 27 |
− | 2.3.8 Operation and Maintenance Stage 28 | + | * 2.3.8 Operation and Maintenance Stage 28 |
− | 2.3.9 Performance Monitoring 28 | + | * 2.3.9 Performance Monitoring 28 |
− | 2.4 Consulting the Integrated Water Resources Management and Development (IWRMD) Plans 28 | + | * 2.4 Consulting the Integrated Water Resources Management and Development (IWRMD) Plans 28 |
− | 2.4.1 Status of Development and Implementation of IWRMD Plans 29 | + | * 2.4.1 Status of Development and Implementation of IWRMD Plans 29 |
− | 2.4.2 Components of IWRMD Plans 30 | + | * 2.4.2 Components of IWRMD Plans 30 |
− | 2.5 Consult Guidelines for Preparation of Water Safety Plans - Resilient to Climate Change 30 | + | * 2.5 Consult Guidelines for Preparation of Water Safety Plans - Resilient to Climate Change 30 |
− | 2.6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Compliance 30 | + | * 2.6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Compliance 30 |
− | 2.6.1 Procedures for Conducting ESIA in Tanzania 31 | + | * 2.6.1 Procedures for Conducting ESIA in Tanzania 31 |
− | 2.6.2 Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) Compliance 31 | + | * 2.6.2 Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) Compliance 31 |
− | 2.7 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Water Supply Projects 32 | + | * 2.7 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Water Supply Projects 32 |
− | 2.8 Participation of Community Based Water Supply Organizations (CBWSO) in Various Planning Stages 32 | + | * 2.8 Participation of Community Based Water Supply Organizations (CBWSO) in Various Planning Stages 32 |
− | 2.9 References 32 | + | * 2.9 References 32 |
− | CHAPTER THREE 35 | + | * CHAPTER THREE 35 |
− | WATER SOURCES ANALYSIS 35 | + | * WATER SOURCES ANALYSIS 35 |
− | 3.1 Availability of Water Resources in Tanzania Mainland 35 | + | * 3.1 Availability of Water Resources in Tanzania Mainland 35 |
− | 3.2 Water Sources Available in Tanzania Mainland 38 | + | * 3.2 Water Sources Available in Tanzania Mainland 38 |
− | 3.2.1 Rainwater and fog harvesting 39 | + | * 3.2.1 Rainwater and fog harvesting 39 |
− | 3.2.2 Surface Water 39 | + | * 3.2.2 Surface Water 39 |
− | 3.2.2.1 Rivers or streams 39 | + | * 3.2.2.1 Rivers or streams 39 |
− | 3.2.2.2 Impoundments 39 | + | * 3.2.2.2 Impoundments 39 |
− | 3.2.2.3 Springs 39 | + | * 3.2.2.3 Springs 39 |
− | 3.2.2.4 Lakes 39 | + | * 3.2.2.4 Lakes 39 |
− | 3.2.2.5 Dams 40 | + | * 3.2.2.5 Dams 40 |
− | 3.2.3 Groundwater 40 | + | * 3.2.3 Groundwater 40 |
− | 3.2.3.1 Infiltration galleries/wells 40 | + | * 3.2.3.1 Infiltration galleries/wells 40 |
− | 3.2.3.2 Well 40 | + | * 3.2.3.2 Well 40 |
− | 3.2.3.3 Classification of wells based on the aquifer tapped 41 | + | * 3.2.3.3 Classification of wells based on the aquifer tapped 41 |
− | 3.2.3.3.1 Shallow wells 41 | + | * 3.2.3.3.1 Shallow wells 41 |
− | 3.2.3.3.2 Deep wells 41 | + | * 3.2.3.3.2 Deep wells 41 |
− | 3.2.3.3.3 Artesian wells 41 | + | * 3.2.3.3.3 Artesian wells 41 |
− | 3.3 Quality Suitability of Water Sources for Water Supply Projects 42 | + | * 3.3 Quality Suitability of Water Sources for Water Supply Projects 42 |
− | 3.4 Pilot Testing of Water Sources for Establishment of Appropriate Treatment 42 | + | * 3.4 Pilot Testing of Water Sources for Establishment of Appropriate Treatment 42 |
− | 3.5 General Considerations for Selection of Water Sources 42 | + | * 3.5 General Considerations for Selection of Water Sources 42 |
− | 3.5.1 Adequacy and reliability 42 | + | * 3.5.1 Adequacy and reliability 42 |
− | 3.5.2 Quality of water sources 43 | + | * 3.5.2 Quality of water sources 43 |
− | 3.5.3 Technical Requirements 43 | + | * 3.5.3 Technical Requirements 43 |
− | 3.5.4 Cost implications to develop a water source 43 | + | * 3.5.4 Cost implications to develop a water source 43 |
− | 3.5.5 Protection of water sources 43 | + | * 3.5.5 Protection of water sources 43 |
− | 3.5.6 Legal and management requirements 44 | + | * 3.5.6 Legal and management requirements 44 |
− | 3.5.7 Distance of water supply source 44 | + | * 3.5.7 Distance of water supply source 44 |
− | 3.5.8 Topography of the project area and its surroundings 44 | + | * 3.5.8 Topography of the project area and its surroundings 44 |
− | 3.5.9 Elevation of a source of water supply 44 | + | * 3.5.9 Elevation of a source of water supply 44 |
− | 3.6 Determination of water source yield 44 | + | * 3.6 Determination of water source yield 44 |
− | 3.6.1 Rainwater and fog harvesting 45 | + | * 3.6.1 Rainwater and fog harvesting 45 |
− | 3.6.1.1 Rainwater harvesting 45 | + | * 3.6.1.1 Rainwater harvesting 45 |
− | 3.6.1.1.1 Types of rainwater harvesting 45 | + | * 3.6.1.1.1 Types of rainwater harvesting 45 |
− | 3.6.1.1.2 Components of rainwater harvesting system 46 | + | * 3.6.1.1.2 Components of rainwater harvesting system 46 |
− | 3.6.1.1.3 Estimation of the yield 47 | + | * 3.6.1.1.3 Estimation of the yield 47 |
− | 3.6.2 Hydrological Analysis of Surface Waters 47 | + | * 3.6.2 Hydrological Analysis of Surface Waters 47 |
− | 3.7 Other considerations for various water sources 55 | + | * 3.7 Other considerations for various water sources 55 |
− | 3.7.1 Water permits Considerations 55 | + | * 3.7.1 Water permits Considerations 55 |
− | 3.7.2 Conservation of water sources 55 | + | * 3.7.2 Conservation of water sources 55 |
− | 3.8 References 55 | + | * 3.8 References 55 |
− | CHAPTER FOUR 56 | + | * CHAPTER FOUR 56 |
− | WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT 56 | + | * WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT 56 |
− | 4.1 Water Demand Assessment 56 | + | * 4.1 Water Demand Assessment 56 |
− | 4.2 General Factors Affecting Water Demand Assessment 57 | + | * 4.2 General Factors Affecting Water Demand Assessment 57 |
− | 4.3 Determination of Water Demand for Different Uses 58 | + | * 4.3 Determination of Water Demand for Different Uses 58 |
− | Step 7. Establish Net Water Demand 67 | + | * Step 7. Establish Net Water Demand 67 |
− | Step 9: Establish Operational water consumption 67 | + | * Step 9: Establish Operational water consumption 67 |
− | Step 10: Establish System water losses 68 | + | * Step 10: Establish System water losses 68 |
− | Step 11 Establish Non-Revenue Water 69 | + | * Step 11 Establish Non-Revenue Water 69 |
− | 4.4 Variations in Water Consumption 70 | + | * 4.4 Variations in Water Consumption 70 |
− | 4.4.1 Definitions 70 | + | * 4.4.1 Definitions 70 |
− | 4.4.2 Variation in the Rate of Consumption 71 | + | * 4.4.2 Variation in the Rate of Consumption 71 |
− | 4.4.2.1 Diurnal variation in demand 71 | + | * 4.4.2.1 Diurnal variation in demand 71 |
− | 4.4.3 Peak Factors 72 | + | * 4.4.3 Peak Factors 72 |
− | 4.4.4 Predicting Demand 74 | + | * 4.4.4 Predicting Demand 74 |
− | 4.4.5 Design Demand 75 | + | * 4.4.5 Design Demand 75 |
− | 4.5 References 75 | + | * 4.5 References 75 |
− | CHAPTER FIVE 76 | + | * CHAPTER FIVE 76 |
− | PIPELINES DESIGN 76 | + | * PIPELINES DESIGN 76 |
− | 5.1 Design Requirements of pipelines 76 | + | * 5.1 Design Requirements of pipelines 76 |
− | 5.2 Types of pipelines 76 | + | * 5.2 Types of pipelines 76 |
− | 5.3 Security considerations for pipelines 76 | + | * 5.3 Security considerations for pipelines 76 |
− | 5.3.1 Methods of water transmission and distribution 76 | + | * 5.3.1 Methods of water transmission and distribution 76 |
− | 5.3.2 Gravity flow 77 | + | * 5.3.2 Gravity flow 77 |
− | 5.3.3 Pumping with storage 77 | + | * 5.3.3 Pumping with storage 77 |
− | 5.3.4 Direct pumping to the distribution system 77 | + | * 5.3.4 Direct pumping to the distribution system 77 |
− | 5.4 Pipeline Hydraulics Assessment 77 | + | * 5.4 Pipeline Hydraulics Assessment 77 |
− | 5.4.1 Pressure 77 | + | * 5.4.1 Pressure 77 |
− | 5.4.2 Determination of Head Losses 77 | + | * 5.4.2 Determination of Head Losses 77 |
− | 5.5 Water supply transmission system 79 | + | * 5.5 Water supply transmission system 79 |
− | 5.5.1 Determination of Transmission Pipe Size 79 | + | * 5.5.1 Determination of Transmission Pipe Size 79 |
− | 5.5.2 Maximum Pressure 79 | + | * 5.5.2 Maximum Pressure 79 |
− | 5.6 Distribution system 80 | + | * 5.6 Distribution system 80 |
− | 5.6.1 Branched System 80 | + | * 5.6.1 Branched System 80 |
− | 5.6.2 Looped System 81 | + | * 5.6.2 Looped System 81 |
− | 5.7 Pipe network analysis 82 | + | * 5.7 Pipe network analysis 82 |
− | 5.7.1 Network analysis by Conventional method (Hardy Cross) 82 | + | * 5.7.1 Network analysis by Conventional method (Hardy Cross) 82 |
− | 5.7.2 Network Analysis by Computer Software 82 | + | * 5.7.2 Network Analysis by Computer Software 82 |
− | 5.7.2.1 EPANET Software 82 | + | * 5.7.2.1 EPANET Software 82 |
− | 5.7.3 Pipeline design criteria 85 | + | * 5.7.3 Pipeline design criteria 85 |
− | 5.8 Pipeline materials selection 86 | + | * 5.8 Pipeline materials selection 86 |
− | 5.8.1 Considerations in Selecting Pipeline Materials 86 | + | * 5.8.1 Considerations in Selecting Pipeline Materials 86 |
− | 5.8.1.1 Flow Characteristics 86 | + | * 5.8.1.1 Flow Characteristics 86 |
− | 5.8.1.2 Pipe Strength 86 | + | * 5.8.1.2 Pipe Strength 86 |
− | 5.8.1.3 Durability 87 | + | * 5.8.1.3 Durability 87 |
− | 5.8.1.4 Type of Soil 87 | + | * 5.8.1.4 Type of Soil 87 |
− | 5.8.1.5 Availability 87 | + | * 5.8.1.5 Availability 87 |
− | 5.8.1.6 Cost of Pipes 87 | + | * 5.8.1.6 Cost of Pipes 87 |
− | 5.8.2 Types of Pipe Materials Available 87 | + | * 5.8.2 Types of Pipe Materials Available 87 |
− | 5.8.2.1 Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes 87 | + | * 5.8.2.1 Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes 87 |
− | 5.8.2.2 Plastic Pipes 87 | + | * 5.8.2.2 Plastic Pipes 87 |
− | 5.9 Appurtenances for transmission and distribution mains 88 | + | * 5.9 Appurtenances for transmission and distribution mains 88 |
− | 5.9.1 Valves 89 | + | * 5.9.1 Valves 89 |
− | 5.9.1.1 Isolation Valves 89 | + | * 5.9.1.1 Isolation Valves 89 |
− | 5.9.1.2 Check Valves 89 | + | * 5.9.1.2 Check Valves 89 |
− | 5.9.1.3 Float Valves 89 | + | * 5.9.1.3 Float Valves 89 |
− | 5.9.1.4 Air Release Valves 89 | + | * 5.9.1.4 Air Release Valves 89 |
− | 5.9.1.5 Pressure Reducing Valves 89 | + | * 5.9.1.5 Pressure Reducing Valves 89 |
− | 5.9.1.6 Washout valves 89 | + | * 5.9.1.6 Washout valves 89 |
− | 5.9.2 Fittings 89 | + | * 5.9.2 Fittings 89 |
− | 5.10 References 90 | + | * 5.10 References 90 |
− | CHAPTER SIX 91 | + | * CHAPTER SIX 91 |
− | PUMPING SYSTEMS 91 | + | * PUMPING SYSTEMS 91 |
− | 6.1 Introduction 91 | + | * 6.1 Introduction 91 |
− | 6.2 Rationale 91 | + | * 6.2 Rationale 91 |
− | 6.3 Common Types of Pumps used in water supply 91 | + | * 6.3 Common Types of Pumps used in water supply 91 |
− | 6.4 Pumping System Setup 91 | + | * 6.4 Pumping System Setup 91 |
− | 6.5 Source of Pumping Power 92 | + | * 6.5 Source of Pumping Power 92 |
− | 6.6 Pumping system design pump selection 92 | + | * 6.6 Pumping system design pump selection 92 |
− | 6.7 Pump Protection 95 | + | * 6.7 Pump Protection 95 |
− | 6.8 References 95 | + | * 6.8 References 95 |
− | CHAPTER SEVEN 96 | + | * CHAPTER SEVEN 96 |
− | WATER TREATMENT 96 | + | * WATER TREATMENT 96 |
− | 7.1 Introduction 96 | + | * 7.1 Introduction 96 |
− | 7.1.1 Classification of the qualities of water sources found in Tanzania according to the complexity of its treatment 96 | + | * 7.1.1 Classification of the qualities of water sources found in Tanzania according to the complexity of its treatment 96 |
− | 7.1.2 Classification of Unit Operations to achieve water treatment levels 99 | + | * 7.1.2 Classification of Unit Operations to achieve water treatment levels 99 |
− | 7.2 Recommended overall design approach for treatment plant components 99 | + | * 7.2 Recommended overall design approach for treatment plant components 99 |
− | 7.3 Documents and websites consulted and those which are hyper-linked to the DCOM Manual 100 | + | * 7.3 Documents and websites consulted and those which are hyper-linked to the DCOM Manual 100 |
− | 7.4 Water treatment design considerations 100 | + | * 7.4 Water treatment design considerations 100 |
− | 7.5 Water treatment levels and units 101 | + | * 7.5 Water treatment levels and units 101 |
− | 7.5.1 Pre-treatment 101 | + | * 7.5.1 Pre-treatment 101 |
− | 7.5.1.1 Scum and Floating Materials Skimmer 101 | + | * 7.5.1.1 Scum and Floating Materials Skimmer 101 |
− | 7.5.1.2 Screening or straining 101 | + | * 7.5.1.2 Screening or straining 101 |
− | 7.5.1.3 Grit Removal 103 | + | * 7.5.1.3 Grit Removal 103 |
− | 7.5.1.3.1 Design criteria 103 | + | * 7.5.1.3.1 Design criteria 103 |
− | 7.5.1.4 Sand Traps 105 | + | * 7.5.1.4 Sand Traps 105 |
− | 7.5.1.5 Pre-chlorination 107 | + | * 7.5.1.5 Pre-chlorination 107 |
− | 7.5.1.6 Water pre-conditioning (pH adjustment) 108 | + | * 7.5.1.6 Water pre-conditioning (pH adjustment) 108 |
− | 7.5.2 Primary Treatment 108 | + | * 7.5.2 Primary Treatment 108 |
− | 7.5.2.1 Sedimentation 108 | + | * 7.5.2.1 Sedimentation 108 |
− | 7.5.2.2 Primary Filtration 114 | + | * 7.5.2.2 Primary Filtration 114 |
− | 7.5.2.2.1 Slow Sand Filtration 114 | + | * 7.5.2.2.1 Slow Sand Filtration 114 |
− | 7.5.2.2.2 Rapid Gravity Sand Filtration 117 | + | * 7.5.2.2.2 Rapid Gravity Sand Filtration 117 |
− | 7.5.2.2.3 Comparison between Slow Sand Filters and Rapid Sand Filters 118 | + | * 7.5.2.2.3 Comparison between Slow Sand Filters and Rapid Sand Filters 118 |
− | 7.5.2.2.4 Other Types of Filters 119 | + | * 7.5.2.2.4 Other Types of Filters 119 |
− | 7.5.2.3 Floatation 124 | + | * 7.5.2.3 Floatation 124 |
− | 7.5.2.3.1 Dissolved-Air Floatation 124 | + | * 7.5.2.3.1 Dissolved-Air Floatation 124 |
− | 7.5.2.3.2 Electrolytic Floatation 125 | + | * 7.5.2.3.2 Electrolytic Floatation 125 |
− | 7.5.2.3.3 Dispersed-Air Floatation 125 | + | * 7.5.2.3.3 Dispersed-Air Floatation 125 |
− | 7.5.2.4 Aeration 125 | + | * 7.5.2.4 Aeration 125 |
− | 7.5.2.4.1 Falling Water Aerators 126 | + | * 7.5.2.4.1 Falling Water Aerators 126 |
− | 7.5.2.4.2 Spray Aerators 127 | + | * 7.5.2.4.2 Spray Aerators 127 |
− | 7.5.3 Secondary Treatment 130 | + | * 7.5.3 Secondary Treatment 130 |
− | 7.5.3.1 Clarification 130 | + | * 7.5.3.1 Clarification 130 |
− | 7.5.3.2 Coagulation 130 | + | * 7.5.3.2 Coagulation 130 |
− | 7.5.3.3 Flocculation 131 | + | * 7.5.3.3 Flocculation 131 |
− | 7.5.3.4 Filtration 131 | + | * 7.5.3.4 Filtration 131 |
− | 7.5.4 Tertiary Treatment 132 | + | * 7.5.4 Tertiary Treatment 132 |
− | 7.5.4.1 Disinfection 132 | + | * 7.5.4.1 Disinfection 132 |
− | 7.5.4.1.1 Disinfection Methods 132 | + | * 7.5.4.1.1 Disinfection Methods 132 |
− | 7.5.4.1.2 Chlorinators 132 | + | * 7.5.4.1.2 Chlorinators 132 |
− | 7.5.4.1.3 Design considerations for chlorinators 133 | + | * 7.5.4.1.3 Design considerations for chlorinators 133 |
− | 7.5.4.2 Ozonation 133 | + | * 7.5.4.2 Ozonation 133 |
− | 7.5.4.3 Water softening 134 | + | * 7.5.4.3 Water softening 134 |
− | 7.5.4.3.1 Methods of Softening 135 | + | * 7.5.4.3.1 Methods of Softening 135 |
− | 7.5.4.4 Defluoridation of Water 139 | + | * 7.5.4.4 Defluoridation of Water 139 |
− | 7.5.4.4.1 Fluorides 139 | + | * 7.5.4.4.1 Fluorides 139 |
− | 7.5.4.4.2 Defluoridation 139 | + | * 7.5.4.4.2 Defluoridation 139 |
− | 7.5.4.5 Water Conditioning 141 | + | * 7.5.4.5 Water Conditioning 141 |
− | 7.5.5 Management of Water Treatment Sludge 141 | + | * 7.5.5 Management of Water Treatment Sludge 141 |
− | 7.5.5.1 Treatment of Water Treatment Sludge 141 | + | * 7.5.5.1 Treatment of Water Treatment Sludge 141 |
− | 7.5.5.1.1 Sludge Thickening 141 | + | * 7.5.5.1.1 Sludge Thickening 141 |
− | 7.5.5.1.2 Sludge Dewatering 143 | + | * 7.5.5.1.2 Sludge Dewatering 143 |
− | 7.5.5.1.3 Sludge Drying Beds 144 | + | * 7.5.5.1.3 Sludge Drying Beds 144 |
− | 7.5.5.1.4 Sludge Lagoons 144 | + | * 7.5.5.1.4 Sludge Lagoons 144 |
− | 7.5.5.1.5 Mechanical Sludge Dewatering 145 | + | * 7.5.5.1.5 Mechanical Sludge Dewatering 145 |
− | 7.5.5.1.6 Backwash Water Recovery 145 | + | * 7.5.5.1.6 Backwash Water Recovery 145 |
− | 7.5.5.1.7 Waste from Slow Sand Filters 146 | + | * 7.5.5.1.7 Waste from Slow Sand Filters 146 |
− | 7.5.5.2 Disposal of sludge 147 | + | * 7.5.5.2 Disposal of sludge 147 |
− | 7.6 References 147 | + | * 7.6 References 147 |
− | CHAPTER EIGHT 148 | + | * CHAPTER EIGHT 148 |
− | TREATMENT OF WATERS WITH SPECIAL CONTAMINANTS 148 | + | * TREATMENT OF WATERS WITH SPECIAL CONTAMINANTS 148 |
− | 8.1 Natural Organic Matter 148 | + | * 8.1 Natural Organic Matter 148 |
− | 8.2 Arsenic 149 | + | * 8.2 Arsenic 149 |
− | 8.3 Radioactive 149 | + | * 8.3 Radioactive 149 |
− | 8.4 Fluoride removal from drinking water 149 | + | * 8.4 Fluoride removal from drinking water 149 |
− | 8.5 Toxic Cyanobacteria in Drinking Water 150 | + | * 8.5 Toxic Cyanobacteria in Drinking Water 150 |
− | 8.6 Available methods for removal of special water contaminants 152 | + | * 8.6 Available methods for removal of special water contaminants 152 |
− | 8.7 Desalination 152 | + | * 8.7 Desalination 152 |
− | 8.7.1 Additive method 152 | + | * 8.7.1 Additive method 152 |
− | 8.7.2 Adsorption methods 153 | + | * 8.7.2 Adsorption methods 153 |
− | 8.7.3 Capacitive deionization (CDI) 153 | + | * 8.7.3 Capacitive deionization (CDI) 153 |
− | 8.7.4 Membrane Filtration 154 | + | * 8.7.4 Membrane Filtration 154 |
− | 8.7.5 Reverse Osmosis 156 | + | * 8.7.5 Reverse Osmosis 156 |
− | 8.8 References 158 | + | * 8.8 References 158 |
− | CHAPTER NINE 159 | + | * CHAPTER NINE 159 |
− | DESIGN OF WATER STRUCTURES 159 | + | * DESIGN OF WATER STRUCTURES 159 |
− | 9.1 Sizing and Locating Water Structures 159 | + | * 9.1 Sizing and Locating Water Structures 159 |
− | 9.1.1 Tanks 159 | + | * 9.1.1 Tanks 159 |
− | 9.1.1.1 Storage tanks 159 | + | * 9.1.1.1 Storage tanks 159 |
− | 9.1.1.2 Sedimentation/Settling Tanks 160 | + | * 9.1.1.2 Sedimentation/Settling Tanks 160 |
− | 9.1.1.3 Break Pressure Tanks 161 | + | * 9.1.1.3 Break Pressure Tanks 161 |
− | 9.1.2 Water Intakes 162 | + | * 9.1.2 Water Intakes 162 |
− | 9.1.3 Dams 164 | + | * 9.1.3 Dams 164 |
− | 9.1.3.1 Engineering Classification of Dams 164 | + | * 9.1.3.1 Engineering Classification of Dams 164 |
− | 9.1.3.2 Size classification of dams 164 | + | * 9.1.3.2 Size classification of dams 164 |
− | 9.1.3.3 Feasibility and geotechnical investigations 166 | + | * 9.1.3.3 Feasibility and geotechnical investigations 166 |
− | 9.1.3.4 Hydrological analysis of the catchment 167 | + | * 9.1.3.4 Hydrological analysis of the catchment 167 |
− | 9.1.4 Geotechnical Investigation 169 | + | * 9.1.4 Geotechnical Investigation 169 |
− | 9.1.4.1 Design of dams 170 | + | * 9.1.4.1 Design of dams 170 |
− | 9.1.5 Boreholes 173 | + | * 9.1.5 Boreholes 173 |
− | 9.1.5.1 Groundwater prospecting 179 | + | * 9.1.5.1 Groundwater prospecting 179 |
− | 9.1.5.2 Drilling 182 | + | * 9.1.5.2 Drilling 182 |
− | 9.1.5.3 Siting of Well/Borehole 182 | + | * 9.1.5.3 Siting of Well/Borehole 182 |
− | 9.1.5.4 Well design 183 | + | * 9.1.5.4 Well design 183 |
− | 9.1.5.5 Pumping Tests 183 | + | * 9.1.5.5 Pumping Tests 183 |
− | 9.1.5.6 Groundwater quality 187 | + | * 9.1.5.6 Groundwater quality 187 |
− | 9.1.6 Water points and Service connections 190 | + | * 9.1.6 Water points and Service connections 190 |
− | 9.1.7 Common Types of Water Points 191 | + | * 9.1.7 Common Types of Water Points 191 |
− | 9.1.8 Minimum Technical Requirements of Water Points 191 | + | * 9.1.8 Minimum Technical Requirements of Water Points 191 |
− | 9.1.9 Criteria for Design of Water Point/Kiosks 191 | + | * 9.1.9 Criteria for Design of Water Point/Kiosks 191 |
− | 9.1.10 Location Considerations for Water Points 192 | + | * 9.1.10 Location Considerations for Water Points 192 |
− | 9.1.11 Technical Tips to Improve Water Points 193 | + | * 9.1.11 Technical Tips to Improve Water Points 193 |
− | 9.1.11.1 Rainwater harvesting 196 | + | * 9.1.11.1 Rainwater harvesting 196 |
− | 9.1.11.2 Fog harvesting 200 | + | * 9.1.11.2 Fog harvesting 200 |
− | 9.2 Structural Design of Concrete 201 | + | * 9.2 Structural Design of Concrete 201 |
− | 9.2.1 Structural requirements 201 | + | * 9.2.1 Structural requirements 201 |
− | 9.2.2 Methods 201 | + | * 9.2.2 Methods 201 |
− | 9.2.2.1 Working Stress Method 201 | + | * 9.2.2.1 Working Stress Method 201 |
− | 9.2.2.2 Ultimate Load Method 201 | + | * 9.2.2.2 Ultimate Load Method 201 |
− | 9.2.2.3 Limit State Method 201 | + | * 9.2.2.3 Limit State Method 201 |
− | 9.3 References 201 | + | * 9.3 References 201 |
− | CHAPTER TEN 203 | + | * CHAPTER TEN 203 |
− | APPLICATION SOFTWARE 203 | + | * APPLICATION SOFTWARE 203 |
− | 10.1 Application Software Contexts 203 | + | * 10.1 Application Software Contexts 203 |
− | 10.2 Recommended Application Software 203 | + | * 10.2 Recommended Application Software 203 |
− | 10.2.1 Distribution Network Design Software 203 | + | * 10.2.1 Distribution Network Design Software 203 |
− | 10.2.1.1 Epanet 203 | + | * 10.2.1.1 Epanet 203 |
− | 10.2.1.2 AutoCAD 204 | + | * 10.2.1.2 AutoCAD 204 |
− | 10.2.1.3 WaterCAD 204 | + | * 10.2.1.3 WaterCAD 204 |
− | 10.2.1.4 WaterGEMS 204 | + | * 10.2.1.4 WaterGEMS 204 |
− | 10.2.1.5 KY PIPES 204 | + | * 10.2.1.5 KY PIPES 204 |
− | 10.2.1.6 GeoNode 204 | + | * 10.2.1.6 GeoNode 204 |
− | 10.2.1.7 AutoStudio 204 | + | * 10.2.1.7 AutoStudio 204 |
− | 10.2.1.8 InfoWater 205 | + | * 10.2.1.8 InfoWater 205 |
− | 10.2.1.9 GIS Software 205 | + | * 10.2.1.9 GIS Software 205 |
− | 10.2.1.10 MS Project 205 | + | * 10.2.1.10 MS Project 205 |
− | 10.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Software 205 | + | * 10.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Software 205 |
− | 10.2.2.1 MS Project 205 | + | * 10.2.2.1 MS Project 205 |
− | 10.2.2.2 Excel 205 | + | * 10.2.2.2 Excel 205 |
− | 10.2.2.3 EDAMS 206 | + | * 10.2.2.3 EDAMS 206 |
− | 10.2.3 Water Quality 206 | + | * 10.2.3 Water Quality 206 |
− | 10.2.3.1 WaterCAD 206 | + | * 10.2.3.1 WaterCAD 206 |
− | 10.3 Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems 206 | + | * 10.3 Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems 206 |
− | 10.4 References 207 | + | * 10.4 References 207 |
− | CHAPTER ELEVEN 208 | + | * CHAPTER ELEVEN 208 |
− | METERING 208 | + | * METERING 208 |
− | 11.1 Introduction 208 | + | * 11.1 Introduction 208 |
− | 11.2 Types of Water Meters 208 | + | * 11.2 Types of Water Meters 208 |
− | 11.3 Prepaid Meters 208 | + | * 11.3 Prepaid Meters 208 |
− | 11.4 Types of Prepaid water models commonly used in Tanzania 209 | + | * 11.4 Types of Prepaid water models commonly used in Tanzania 209 |
− | 11.5 Importance of Prepaid Water Metering 210 | + | * 11.5 Importance of Prepaid Water Metering 210 |
− | 11.6 Design Considerations for Prepaid Water Meters 210 | + | * 11.6 Design Considerations for Prepaid Water Meters 210 |
− | 11.7 Design considerations for prepaid public standpipes 211 | + | * 11.7 Design considerations for prepaid public standpipes 211 |
− | 11.8 Design consideration for individual domestic customer 212 | + | * 11.8 Design consideration for individual domestic customer 212 |
− | 11.9 Design consideration for Commercial and Institutional Customers 212 | + | * 11.9 Design consideration for Commercial and Institutional Customers 212 |
− | 11.10 Importance of integrating Prepaid with Post paid revenue management 212 | + | * 11.10 Importance of integrating Prepaid with Post paid revenue management 212 |
− | 11.11 Selection Criteria for Prepaid water meters 212 | + | * 11.11 Selection Criteria for Prepaid water meters 212 |
− | 11.12 References 214 | + | * 11.12 References 214 |
− | 11.13 Internet Links: 216 | + | * 11.13 Internet Links: 216 |
− | CHAPTER TWELVE 217 | + | * CHAPTER TWELVE 217 |
− | DESIGN STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 217 | + | * DESIGN STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 217 |
− | 12.1 Design Standards 217 | + | * 12.1 Design Standards 217 |
− | 12.2 Specifications 218 | + | * 12.2 Specifications 218 |
− | 12.3 Materials 218 | + | * 12.3 Materials 218 |
− | 12.3.1 Building Materials 218 | + | * 12.3.1 Building Materials 218 |
− | 12.3.2 Materials Testing 219 | + | * 12.3.2 Materials Testing 219 |
− | 12.3.2.1 Aggregates 219 | + | * 12.3.2.1 Aggregates 219 |
− | 12.3.2.2 Water 221 | + | * 12.3.2.2 Water 221 |
− | 12.3.2.3 Cement 221 | + | * 12.3.2.3 Cement 221 |
− | 12.3.2.4 Concrete Works 221 | + | * 12.3.2.4 Concrete Works 221 |
− | 12.3.2.5 Steel 222 | + | * 12.3.2.5 Steel 222 |
− | 12.4 Soil Test 222 | + | * 12.4 Soil Test 222 |
− | 12.4.1 Methodology of conducting Soil Investigation for borehole and test pit 222 | + | * 12.4.1 Methodology of conducting Soil Investigation for borehole and test pit 222 |
− | 12.4.2 Soil Investigation for dams 223 | + | * 12.4.2 Soil Investigation for dams 223 |
− | 12.4.3 Suitability of soil materials for dam construction 223 | + | * 12.4.3 Suitability of soil materials for dam construction 223 |
− | 12.4.4 Determination of In-Situ Bearing Capacity of the Soil 224 | + | * 12.4.4 Determination of In-Situ Bearing Capacity of the Soil 224 |
− | 12.5 References: 227 | + | * 12.5 References: 227 |
− | CHAPTER THIRTEEN 228 | + | * CHAPTER THIRTEEN 228 |
− | ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS 228 | + | * ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS 228 |
− | 13.1 Types of Stakeholders 228 | + | * 13.1 Types of Stakeholders 228 |
− | 13.2 Roles of stakeholders 228 | + | * 13.2 Roles of stakeholders 228 |
− | 13.3 References 230 | + | * 13.3 References 230 |
− | APPENDIX A: CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 232 | + | * APPENDIX A: CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 232 |
− | APPENDIX B: MINIMUM WATER FLOW REQUIREMENT FOR FIRE FIGHTING 237 | + | * APPENDIX B: MINIMUM WATER FLOW REQUIREMENT FOR FIRE FIGHTING 237 |
− | APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE: ESTIMATING THE CAPACITY OF TANK 239 | + | * APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE: ESTIMATING THE CAPACITY OF TANK 239 |
− | APPENDIX D: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE 241 | + | * APPENDIX D: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE 241 |
− | APPENDIX E: SUPPLY PUMPING SYSTEMS 251 | + | * APPENDIX E: SUPPLY PUMPING SYSTEMS 251 |
− | APPENDIX F: SOURCE OF PUMPING POWER 263 | + | * APPENDIX F: SOURCE OF PUMPING POWER 263 |
− | APPENDIX G: ADDITIONAL DETAILS OF VARIOUS UNIT OPRATIONS 275 | + | * APPENDIX G: ADDITIONAL DETAILS OF VARIOUS UNIT OPRATIONS 275 |
− | APPENDIX H: METHODS FOR DISINFECTING WATER 281 | + | * APPENDIX H: METHODS FOR DISINFECTING WATER 281 |
− | APPENDIX I: MEASUREMENTS OF WATER HARDNESS 287 | + | * APPENDIX I: MEASUREMENTS OF WATER HARDNESS 287 |
− | APPENDIX J: BASIC STATISTICS USED IN ESTIMATION OF DESIGN OF FLOOD EVENTS 289 | + | * APPENDIX J: BASIC STATISTICS USED IN ESTIMATION OF DESIGN OF FLOOD EVENTS 289 |
− | APPENDIX K: DAMS DETAIL DESIGN 294 | + | * APPENDIX K: DAMS DETAIL DESIGN 294 |
− | APPENDIX L: STANDARD DRAWINGS 306 | + | * APPENDIX L: STANDARD DRAWINGS 306 |
− | APPENDIX M: SELECTED INTAKE DESIGNS. 307 | + | * APPENDIX M: SELECTED INTAKE DESIGNS. 307 |
− | SUBJECT INDEX 309 | + | * SUBJECT INDEX 309 |
+ | * |
Revision as of 18:23, 30 March 2020
Volume I: Design of Water Supply Projects
Readmore...or Download Volume I PDF
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- LIST OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS v
- CHAPTER ONE 1
- INTRODUCTION 1
- 1.1 Global Considerations on Water Supply and Sanitation 1
- 1.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1
- 1.1.2 Climate Change and Resilience to Climate Change 2
- 1.1.3 Public Private Partnership in Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Developing Countries 3
- 1.1.4 International Water Law 4
- 1.2 Development Agenda and Water and Sanitation Sector in Tanzania 5
- 1.2.1 National Water Policy 7
- 1.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework for Water Supply and Sanitation Services 8
- 1.2.3 Coverage and Access to Water Supply Services 9
- 1.2.4 Policy Environment for Water and Sanitation Services in Tanzania 9
- 1.2.5 Major Stakeholders in Water Supply and Sanitation Projects 10
- 1.2.6 Water Supply and Sanitation Public Private Partnership in Tanzania 11
- 1.3 Rationale for Preparation of the Fourth Edition DCOM Manual 12
- 1.4 About the Fourth Edition of the DCOM Manual 13
- 1.5 Organisation of the 4th edition of the DCOM Manual 14
- 1.6 Purpose of this Volume 14
- 1.7 References 15
- CHAPTER TWO 17
- PROJECT PLANNING 17
- 2.1 Planning Considerations for Water Supply Projects 17
- 2.2 Project Planning Steps 18
- 2.3 Pump Protection 18
- 2.3.1 Initiation 18
- 2.3.1.1 Community Assessment Steps 20
- 2.3.1.2 Methods of conducting community assessment 20
- 2.3.1.2.1 Comprehensive community assessment 20
- 2.3.1.2.2 Strategic community assessment 20
- 2.3.2 Pre-feasibility Study 21
- 2.3.3 Feasibility Study 21
- 2.3.3.1 Water Supply Projects Ranking and Technology Selection Criteria 22
- 2.3.3.1.1 Ranking of Projects 22
- 2.3.3.1.2 Choice of Technology 23
- 2.3.4 Preliminary and Detailed Design 23
- 2.3.4.1 Detailed Engineering Drawings 24
- 2.3.4.2 Detailed estimates of capital costs 24
- 2.3.4.3 Detailed estimates of recurrent costs 24
- 2.3.4.4 Anticipated revenue 25
- 2.3.4.5 Detailed design report 25
- 2.3.4.6 Project write-up to be submitted to potential financiers 25
- 2.3.5 Project Phasing 25
- 2.3.6 Procurement 26
- 2.3.6.1 2.2.6.1 Preparation of Tender Documents 26
- 2.3.6.2 Tendering process 27
- 2.3.7 Implementation/Construction Stage 27
- 2.3.7.1 Contract Management 27
- 2.3.7.2 Contract supervision and administration 27
- 2.3.8 Operation and Maintenance Stage 28
- 2.3.9 Performance Monitoring 28
- 2.4 Consulting the Integrated Water Resources Management and Development (IWRMD) Plans 28
- 2.4.1 Status of Development and Implementation of IWRMD Plans 29
- 2.4.2 Components of IWRMD Plans 30
- 2.5 Consult Guidelines for Preparation of Water Safety Plans - Resilient to Climate Change 30
- 2.6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Compliance 30
- 2.6.1 Procedures for Conducting ESIA in Tanzania 31
- 2.6.2 Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) Compliance 31
- 2.7 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Water Supply Projects 32
- 2.8 Participation of Community Based Water Supply Organizations (CBWSO) in Various Planning Stages 32
- 2.9 References 32
- CHAPTER THREE 35
- WATER SOURCES ANALYSIS 35
- 3.1 Availability of Water Resources in Tanzania Mainland 35
- 3.2 Water Sources Available in Tanzania Mainland 38
- 3.2.1 Rainwater and fog harvesting 39
- 3.2.2 Surface Water 39
- 3.2.2.1 Rivers or streams 39
- 3.2.2.2 Impoundments 39
- 3.2.2.3 Springs 39
- 3.2.2.4 Lakes 39
- 3.2.2.5 Dams 40
- 3.2.3 Groundwater 40
- 3.2.3.1 Infiltration galleries/wells 40
- 3.2.3.2 Well 40
- 3.2.3.3 Classification of wells based on the aquifer tapped 41
- 3.2.3.3.1 Shallow wells 41
- 3.2.3.3.2 Deep wells 41
- 3.2.3.3.3 Artesian wells 41
- 3.3 Quality Suitability of Water Sources for Water Supply Projects 42
- 3.4 Pilot Testing of Water Sources for Establishment of Appropriate Treatment 42
- 3.5 General Considerations for Selection of Water Sources 42
- 3.5.1 Adequacy and reliability 42
- 3.5.2 Quality of water sources 43
- 3.5.3 Technical Requirements 43
- 3.5.4 Cost implications to develop a water source 43
- 3.5.5 Protection of water sources 43
- 3.5.6 Legal and management requirements 44
- 3.5.7 Distance of water supply source 44
- 3.5.8 Topography of the project area and its surroundings 44
- 3.5.9 Elevation of a source of water supply 44
- 3.6 Determination of water source yield 44
- 3.6.1 Rainwater and fog harvesting 45
- 3.6.1.1 Rainwater harvesting 45
- 3.6.1.1.1 Types of rainwater harvesting 45
- 3.6.1.1.2 Components of rainwater harvesting system 46
- 3.6.1.1.3 Estimation of the yield 47
- 3.6.2 Hydrological Analysis of Surface Waters 47
- 3.7 Other considerations for various water sources 55
- 3.7.1 Water permits Considerations 55
- 3.7.2 Conservation of water sources 55
- 3.8 References 55
- CHAPTER FOUR 56
- WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT 56
- 4.1 Water Demand Assessment 56
- 4.2 General Factors Affecting Water Demand Assessment 57
- 4.3 Determination of Water Demand for Different Uses 58
- Step 7. Establish Net Water Demand 67
- Step 9: Establish Operational water consumption 67
- Step 10: Establish System water losses 68
- Step 11 Establish Non-Revenue Water 69
- 4.4 Variations in Water Consumption 70
- 4.4.1 Definitions 70
- 4.4.2 Variation in the Rate of Consumption 71
- 4.4.2.1 Diurnal variation in demand 71
- 4.4.3 Peak Factors 72
- 4.4.4 Predicting Demand 74
- 4.4.5 Design Demand 75
- 4.5 References 75
- CHAPTER FIVE 76
- PIPELINES DESIGN 76
- 5.1 Design Requirements of pipelines 76
- 5.2 Types of pipelines 76
- 5.3 Security considerations for pipelines 76
- 5.3.1 Methods of water transmission and distribution 76
- 5.3.2 Gravity flow 77
- 5.3.3 Pumping with storage 77
- 5.3.4 Direct pumping to the distribution system 77
- 5.4 Pipeline Hydraulics Assessment 77
- 5.4.1 Pressure 77
- 5.4.2 Determination of Head Losses 77
- 5.5 Water supply transmission system 79
- 5.5.1 Determination of Transmission Pipe Size 79
- 5.5.2 Maximum Pressure 79
- 5.6 Distribution system 80
- 5.6.1 Branched System 80
- 5.6.2 Looped System 81
- 5.7 Pipe network analysis 82
- 5.7.1 Network analysis by Conventional method (Hardy Cross) 82
- 5.7.2 Network Analysis by Computer Software 82
- 5.7.2.1 EPANET Software 82
- 5.7.3 Pipeline design criteria 85
- 5.8 Pipeline materials selection 86
- 5.8.1 Considerations in Selecting Pipeline Materials 86
- 5.8.1.1 Flow Characteristics 86
- 5.8.1.2 Pipe Strength 86
- 5.8.1.3 Durability 87
- 5.8.1.4 Type of Soil 87
- 5.8.1.5 Availability 87
- 5.8.1.6 Cost of Pipes 87
- 5.8.2 Types of Pipe Materials Available 87
- 5.8.2.1 Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes 87
- 5.8.2.2 Plastic Pipes 87
- 5.9 Appurtenances for transmission and distribution mains 88
- 5.9.1 Valves 89
- 5.9.1.1 Isolation Valves 89
- 5.9.1.2 Check Valves 89
- 5.9.1.3 Float Valves 89
- 5.9.1.4 Air Release Valves 89
- 5.9.1.5 Pressure Reducing Valves 89
- 5.9.1.6 Washout valves 89
- 5.9.2 Fittings 89
- 5.10 References 90
- CHAPTER SIX 91
- PUMPING SYSTEMS 91
- 6.1 Introduction 91
- 6.2 Rationale 91
- 6.3 Common Types of Pumps used in water supply 91
- 6.4 Pumping System Setup 91
- 6.5 Source of Pumping Power 92
- 6.6 Pumping system design pump selection 92
- 6.7 Pump Protection 95
- 6.8 References 95
- CHAPTER SEVEN 96
- WATER TREATMENT 96
- 7.1 Introduction 96
- 7.1.1 Classification of the qualities of water sources found in Tanzania according to the complexity of its treatment 96
- 7.1.2 Classification of Unit Operations to achieve water treatment levels 99
- 7.2 Recommended overall design approach for treatment plant components 99
- 7.3 Documents and websites consulted and those which are hyper-linked to the DCOM Manual 100
- 7.4 Water treatment design considerations 100
- 7.5 Water treatment levels and units 101
- 7.5.1 Pre-treatment 101
- 7.5.1.1 Scum and Floating Materials Skimmer 101
- 7.5.1.2 Screening or straining 101
- 7.5.1.3 Grit Removal 103
- 7.5.1.3.1 Design criteria 103
- 7.5.1.4 Sand Traps 105
- 7.5.1.5 Pre-chlorination 107
- 7.5.1.6 Water pre-conditioning (pH adjustment) 108
- 7.5.2 Primary Treatment 108
- 7.5.2.1 Sedimentation 108
- 7.5.2.2 Primary Filtration 114
- 7.5.2.2.1 Slow Sand Filtration 114
- 7.5.2.2.2 Rapid Gravity Sand Filtration 117
- 7.5.2.2.3 Comparison between Slow Sand Filters and Rapid Sand Filters 118
- 7.5.2.2.4 Other Types of Filters 119
- 7.5.2.3 Floatation 124
- 7.5.2.3.1 Dissolved-Air Floatation 124
- 7.5.2.3.2 Electrolytic Floatation 125
- 7.5.2.3.3 Dispersed-Air Floatation 125
- 7.5.2.4 Aeration 125
- 7.5.2.4.1 Falling Water Aerators 126
- 7.5.2.4.2 Spray Aerators 127
- 7.5.3 Secondary Treatment 130
- 7.5.3.1 Clarification 130
- 7.5.3.2 Coagulation 130
- 7.5.3.3 Flocculation 131
- 7.5.3.4 Filtration 131
- 7.5.4 Tertiary Treatment 132
- 7.5.4.1 Disinfection 132
- 7.5.4.1.1 Disinfection Methods 132
- 7.5.4.1.2 Chlorinators 132
- 7.5.4.1.3 Design considerations for chlorinators 133
- 7.5.4.2 Ozonation 133
- 7.5.4.3 Water softening 134
- 7.5.4.3.1 Methods of Softening 135
- 7.5.4.4 Defluoridation of Water 139
- 7.5.4.4.1 Fluorides 139
- 7.5.4.4.2 Defluoridation 139
- 7.5.4.5 Water Conditioning 141
- 7.5.5 Management of Water Treatment Sludge 141
- 7.5.5.1 Treatment of Water Treatment Sludge 141
- 7.5.5.1.1 Sludge Thickening 141
- 7.5.5.1.2 Sludge Dewatering 143
- 7.5.5.1.3 Sludge Drying Beds 144
- 7.5.5.1.4 Sludge Lagoons 144
- 7.5.5.1.5 Mechanical Sludge Dewatering 145
- 7.5.5.1.6 Backwash Water Recovery 145
- 7.5.5.1.7 Waste from Slow Sand Filters 146
- 7.5.5.2 Disposal of sludge 147
- 7.6 References 147
- CHAPTER EIGHT 148
- TREATMENT OF WATERS WITH SPECIAL CONTAMINANTS 148
- 8.1 Natural Organic Matter 148
- 8.2 Arsenic 149
- 8.3 Radioactive 149
- 8.4 Fluoride removal from drinking water 149
- 8.5 Toxic Cyanobacteria in Drinking Water 150
- 8.6 Available methods for removal of special water contaminants 152
- 8.7 Desalination 152
- 8.7.1 Additive method 152
- 8.7.2 Adsorption methods 153
- 8.7.3 Capacitive deionization (CDI) 153
- 8.7.4 Membrane Filtration 154
- 8.7.5 Reverse Osmosis 156
- 8.8 References 158
- CHAPTER NINE 159
- DESIGN OF WATER STRUCTURES 159
- 9.1 Sizing and Locating Water Structures 159
- 9.1.1 Tanks 159
- 9.1.1.1 Storage tanks 159
- 9.1.1.2 Sedimentation/Settling Tanks 160
- 9.1.1.3 Break Pressure Tanks 161
- 9.1.2 Water Intakes 162
- 9.1.3 Dams 164
- 9.1.3.1 Engineering Classification of Dams 164
- 9.1.3.2 Size classification of dams 164
- 9.1.3.3 Feasibility and geotechnical investigations 166
- 9.1.3.4 Hydrological analysis of the catchment 167
- 9.1.4 Geotechnical Investigation 169
- 9.1.4.1 Design of dams 170
- 9.1.5 Boreholes 173
- 9.1.5.1 Groundwater prospecting 179
- 9.1.5.2 Drilling 182
- 9.1.5.3 Siting of Well/Borehole 182
- 9.1.5.4 Well design 183
- 9.1.5.5 Pumping Tests 183
- 9.1.5.6 Groundwater quality 187
- 9.1.6 Water points and Service connections 190
- 9.1.7 Common Types of Water Points 191
- 9.1.8 Minimum Technical Requirements of Water Points 191
- 9.1.9 Criteria for Design of Water Point/Kiosks 191
- 9.1.10 Location Considerations for Water Points 192
- 9.1.11 Technical Tips to Improve Water Points 193
- 9.1.11.1 Rainwater harvesting 196
- 9.1.11.2 Fog harvesting 200
- 9.2 Structural Design of Concrete 201
- 9.2.1 Structural requirements 201
- 9.2.2 Methods 201
- 9.2.2.1 Working Stress Method 201
- 9.2.2.2 Ultimate Load Method 201
- 9.2.2.3 Limit State Method 201
- 9.3 References 201
- CHAPTER TEN 203
- APPLICATION SOFTWARE 203
- 10.1 Application Software Contexts 203
- 10.2 Recommended Application Software 203
- 10.2.1 Distribution Network Design Software 203
- 10.2.1.1 Epanet 203
- 10.2.1.2 AutoCAD 204
- 10.2.1.3 WaterCAD 204
- 10.2.1.4 WaterGEMS 204
- 10.2.1.5 KY PIPES 204
- 10.2.1.6 GeoNode 204
- 10.2.1.7 AutoStudio 204
- 10.2.1.8 InfoWater 205
- 10.2.1.9 GIS Software 205
- 10.2.1.10 MS Project 205
- 10.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Software 205
- 10.2.2.1 MS Project 205
- 10.2.2.2 Excel 205
- 10.2.2.3 EDAMS 206
- 10.2.3 Water Quality 206
- 10.2.3.1 WaterCAD 206
- 10.3 Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems 206
- 10.4 References 207
- CHAPTER ELEVEN 208
- METERING 208
- 11.1 Introduction 208
- 11.2 Types of Water Meters 208
- 11.3 Prepaid Meters 208
- 11.4 Types of Prepaid water models commonly used in Tanzania 209
- 11.5 Importance of Prepaid Water Metering 210
- 11.6 Design Considerations for Prepaid Water Meters 210
- 11.7 Design considerations for prepaid public standpipes 211
- 11.8 Design consideration for individual domestic customer 212
- 11.9 Design consideration for Commercial and Institutional Customers 212
- 11.10 Importance of integrating Prepaid with Post paid revenue management 212
- 11.11 Selection Criteria for Prepaid water meters 212
- 11.12 References 214
- 11.13 Internet Links: 216
- CHAPTER TWELVE 217
- DESIGN STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 217
- 12.1 Design Standards 217
- 12.2 Specifications 218
- 12.3 Materials 218
- 12.3.1 Building Materials 218
- 12.3.2 Materials Testing 219
- 12.3.2.1 Aggregates 219
- 12.3.2.2 Water 221
- 12.3.2.3 Cement 221
- 12.3.2.4 Concrete Works 221
- 12.3.2.5 Steel 222
- 12.4 Soil Test 222
- 12.4.1 Methodology of conducting Soil Investigation for borehole and test pit 222
- 12.4.2 Soil Investigation for dams 223
- 12.4.3 Suitability of soil materials for dam construction 223
- 12.4.4 Determination of In-Situ Bearing Capacity of the Soil 224
- 12.5 References: 227
- CHAPTER THIRTEEN 228
- ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS 228
- 13.1 Types of Stakeholders 228
- 13.2 Roles of stakeholders 228
- 13.3 References 230
- APPENDIX A: CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 232
- APPENDIX B: MINIMUM WATER FLOW REQUIREMENT FOR FIRE FIGHTING 237
- APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE: ESTIMATING THE CAPACITY OF TANK 239
- APPENDIX D: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE 241
- APPENDIX E: SUPPLY PUMPING SYSTEMS 251
- APPENDIX F: SOURCE OF PUMPING POWER 263
- APPENDIX G: ADDITIONAL DETAILS OF VARIOUS UNIT OPRATIONS 275
- APPENDIX H: METHODS FOR DISINFECTING WATER 281
- APPENDIX I: MEASUREMENTS OF WATER HARDNESS 287
- APPENDIX J: BASIC STATISTICS USED IN ESTIMATION OF DESIGN OF FLOOD EVENTS 289
- APPENDIX K: DAMS DETAIL DESIGN 294
- APPENDIX L: STANDARD DRAWINGS 306
- APPENDIX M: SELECTED INTAKE DESIGNS. 307
- SUBJECT INDEX 309