Chapter Twelve: Design Standards and Specifications
1 Chapter Twelve: Design Standards and Specifications
1.1 1.1 Design Standards
A Standard is a limit of the measure of quality of a product prepared for judgement and compliance by an authoritative agency, professional or a recognized body. According to �(Business Dictionary, 2020)� Standards can be classified as:
Government or statutory agency for standards and specifications enforced by law, Proprietary standards developed by a firm or organization and placed in public domain to encourage their widespread use, and Voluntary standards established by consultation and consensus and available for use by any person, organization, or industry.
Once established, standards (like bureaucracies) are very difficult to change or dislodge. Standards that apply for water supply and sanitation projects will be from Tanzania Bureau of Standards, for construction works British standards shall be used.
A list of institutions whose standards are recommended to be used in design is shown below;
- Tanzania Bureau of Standards,
- British Standards (BS),
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
- Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN);
- German institute for standardisation,
- American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO),
- European Standards(ES),
Table 12.1 describes standard codes of practice and relevant area for application construction works.
1.1.1 Table 12.1 Common Standards Used in Water Projects
| No | Name | Institution | Use of standard |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | BS 8110 of 1997 | British Standards | Code of practise for design and construction |
| 2 | BS 812 : Part 2 : 1995 | British Standards | Testing aggregates-
Methods of determination of density |
| 3 | ISO 1167-1 Part 1 | International Standards (ISO) | Thermoplastics pipes, fittings and assemblies for the conveyance of fluids — Determination of the resistance to internal pressure |
| 4 | SO 1452-2 Part 2 | International Standards | Thermoplastics pipes, fittings and assemblies for the conveyance of fluids — Determination of the resistance to internal pressure |
| 5 | BS 6399 : Part 1 : 1996 | British Standards | Code of practice for dead and imposed loads |
| 6 | BS 1377-9: Part 9: 1990 | British Standards | Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes: In-situ tests |
| 7 | DIN 1048 | Deutsches Institut fürNormung | Quality tests of concrete |
| 8 | DIN 4226 | Deutsches Institut für Normung | Concrete aggregates; definitions, sizes, quality requirements and testing |
| 9 | DIN 15018 | Deutsches Institut für Normung | Steel construction; basis for design and performance, calculations |
