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| | TABLE OF CONTENTS | | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| − | | + | {| class="wikitable" |
| − | LIST OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS v
| + | |- |
| − | CHAPTER ONE 1
| + | ! # !! Title !! Page |
| − | INTRODUCTION 1
| + | |- |
| − | 1.1 Global Considerations on Water Supply and Sanitation 1 | + | | 1 || [[Preface|Preface]] || i |
| − | 1.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1
| + | |- |
| − | 1.1.2 Climate Change and Resilience to Climate Change 2
| + | | 2 || [[Acknowledgements|Acknowledgements]] || ii |
| − | 1.1.3 Public Private Partnership in Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Developing Countries 3
| + | |- |
| − | 1.1.4 International Water Law 4
| + | | 3 || [[List_of_Special_Committee_Members|List of Special Committee Members]] || iii |
| − | 1.2 Development Agenda and Water and Sanitation Sector in Tanzania 5
| + | |- |
| − | 1.2.1 National Water Policy 7
| + | | 4 || [[List_of_Abbreviations|List of Abbreviations]] || iv |
| − | 1.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework for Water Supply and Sanitation Services 8
| + | |- |
| − | 1.2.3 Coverage and Access to Water Supply Services 9
| + | | 5 || [[Chapter_One:_Introduction|Chapter One: Introduction]] || 1 |
| − | 1.2.4 Policy Environment for Water and Sanitation Services in Tanzania 9
| + | |- |
| − | 1.2.5 Major Stakeholders in Water Supply and Sanitation Projects 10
| + | | 6 || [[Chapter Two: Project Planning|Chapter Two: Project Planning]] || 17 |
| − | 1.2.6 Water Supply and Sanitation Public Private Partnership in Tanzania 11
| + | |- |
| − | 1.3 Rationale for Preparation of the Fourth Edition DCOM Manual 12
| + | | 7 || [[Chapter Three: Water Sources Analysis|Chapter Three: Water Sources Analysis]] || 35 |
| − | 1.4 About the Fourth Edition of the DCOM Manual 13
| + | |- |
| − | 1.5 Organisation of the 4th edition of the DCOM Manual 14
| + | | 8 || [[Chapter Four: Water Demand Assessment|Chapter Four: Water Demand Assessment]] || 56 |
| − | 1.6 Purpose of this Volume 14
| + | |- |
| − | 1.7 References 15
| + | | 9 || [[Chapter Five: Pipelines Design|Chapter Five: Pipelines Design]] || 76 |
| − | CHAPTER TWO 17
| + | |- |
| − | PROJECT PLANNING 17
| + | | 10 || [[Chapter Six: Pumping Systems|Chapter Six: Pumping Systems]] || 91 |
| − | 2.1 Planning Considerations for Water Supply Projects 17
| + | |- |
| − | 2.2 Project Planning Steps 18
| + | | 11 || [[Chapter Seven: Water Treatment|Chapter Seven: Water Treatment]] || 96 |
| − | 2.3 Pump Protection 18
| + | |- |
| − | 2.3.1 Initiation 18
| + | | 12 || [[Chapter Eight: Treatment of Waters With Special Contaminants|Chapter Eight: Treatment of Waters With Special Contaminants]] || 148 |
| − | 2.3.1.1 Community Assessment Steps 20
| + | |- |
| − | 2.3.1.2 Methods of conducting community assessment 20
| + | | 13 || [[Chapter Nine: Design of Water Structures|Chapter Nine: Design of Water Structures]] || 159 |
| − | 2.3.1.2.1 Comprehensive community assessment 20
| + | |- |
| − | 2.3.1.2.2 Strategic community assessment 20
| + | | 14 || [[Chapter Ten: Application Software|Chapter Ten: Application Software]] || 203 |
| − | 2.3.2 Pre-feasibility Study 21
| + | |- |
| − | 2.3.3 Feasibility Study 21
| + | | 15 || [[Chapter Eleven: Metering|Chapter Eleven: Metering]] || 208 |
| − | 2.3.3.1 Water Supply Projects Ranking and Technology Selection Criteria 22
| + | |- |
| − | 2.3.3.1.1 Ranking of Projects 22
| + | | 16 || [[Chapter Twelve: Design Standards and Specifications|Chapter Twelve: Design Standards and Specifications]] || 217 |
| − | 2.3.3.1.2 Choice of Technology 23
| + | |- |
| − | 2.3.4 Preliminary and Detailed Design 23
| + | | 17 || [[Chapter Thirteen: Role of Stakeholders in Design of Water Supply Projects|Chapter Thirteen: Role of Stakeholders in Design of Water Supply Projects]] || 228 |
| − | 2.3.4.1 Detailed Engineering Drawings 24
| + | |- |
| − | 2.3.4.2 Detailed estimates of capital costs 24
| + | | 18 || Apendices: Appendices |
| − | 2.3.4.3 Detailed estimates of recurrent costs 24
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix A|Appendix A: Climate Change and Resilience to Climate Change ]] |
| − | 2.3.4.4 Anticipated revenue 25
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix B|Appendix B: Minimum Water Flow Requirement for Fire Fighting ]] |
| − | 2.3.4.5 Detailed design report 25
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix C|Appendix C: Example: Estimating The Capacity Of Tank ]] |
| − | 2.3.4.6 Project write-up to be submitted to potential financiers 25
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix D|Appendix D: Structural Design of Concrete ]] |
| − | 2.3.5 Project Phasing 25
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix E|Appendix E: Supply Pumping Systems ]] |
| − | 2.3.6 Procurement 26
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix F|Appendix F: Source of Pumping Power ]] |
| − | 2.3.6.1 2.2.6.1 Preparation of Tender Documents 26
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix G|Appendix G: Additional Details of Various Unit Oprations ]] |
| − | 2.3.6.2 Tendering process 27
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix H|Appendix H: Methods for Disinfecting Water ]] |
| − | 2.3.7 Implementation/Construction Stage 27
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix I|Appendix I: Measurements of Water Hardness ]] |
| − | 2.3.7.1 Contract Management 27
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix J|Appendix J: Basic Statistics Used in Estimation of Design of Flood Events ]] |
| − | 2.3.7.2 Contract supervision and administration 27
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix K|Appendix K: Dams Detail Design ]] |
| − | 2.3.8 Operation and Maintenance Stage 28
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix L|Appendix L: Standard Drawings ]] |
| − | 2.3.9 Performance Monitoring 28
| + | * [[DCOM Volume I Appendix M|Appendix M: Selected Intake Designs ]] |
| − | 2.4 Consulting the Integrated Water Resources Management and Development (IWRMD) Plans 28
| + | * [[DCOM Specification|Appendix O: Standard Specifications ]] |
| − | 2.4.1 Status of Development and Implementation of IWRMD Plans 29
| + | || 231 |
| − | 2.4.2 Components of IWRMD Plans 30
| + | |} |
| − | 2.5 Consult Guidelines for Preparation of Water Safety Plans - Resilient to Climate Change 30
| |
| − | 2.6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Compliance 30
| |
| − | 2.6.1 Procedures for Conducting ESIA in Tanzania 31
| |
| − | 2.6.2 Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) Compliance 31
| |
| − | 2.7 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Water Supply Projects 32
| |
| − | 2.8 Participation of Community Based Water Supply Organizations (CBWSO) in Various Planning Stages 32
| |
| − | 2.9 References 32
| |
| − | CHAPTER THREE 35
| |
| − | WATER SOURCES ANALYSIS 35
| |
| − | 3.1 Availability of Water Resources in Tanzania Mainland 35
| |
| − | 3.2 Water Sources Available in Tanzania Mainland 38
| |
| − | 3.2.1 Rainwater and fog harvesting 39
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| − | 3.2.2 Surface Water 39
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| − | 3.2.2.1 Rivers or streams 39
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| − | 3.2.2.2 Impoundments 39
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| − | 3.2.2.3 Springs 39
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| − | 3.2.2.4 Lakes 39
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| − | 3.2.2.5 Dams 40
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| − | 3.2.3 Groundwater 40
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| − | 3.2.3.1 Infiltration galleries/wells 40
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| − | 3.2.3.2 Well 40
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| − | 3.2.3.3 Classification of wells based on the aquifer tapped 41
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| − | 3.2.3.3.1 Shallow wells 41
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| − | 3.2.3.3.2 Deep wells 41
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| − | 3.2.3.3.3 Artesian wells 41
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| − | 3.3 Quality Suitability of Water Sources for Water Supply Projects 42
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| − | 3.4 Pilot Testing of Water Sources for Establishment of Appropriate Treatment 42
| |
| − | 3.5 General Considerations for Selection of Water Sources 42
| |
| − | 3.5.1 Adequacy and reliability 42
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| − | 3.5.2 Quality of water sources 43
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| − | 3.5.3 Technical Requirements 43
| |
| − | 3.5.4 Cost implications to develop a water source 43
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| − | 3.5.5 Protection of water sources 43
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| − | 3.5.6 Legal and management requirements 44
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| − | 3.5.7 Distance of water supply source 44
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| − | 3.5.8 Topography of the project area and its surroundings 44
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| − | 3.5.9 Elevation of a source of water supply 44
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| − | 3.6 Determination of water source yield 44
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| − | 3.6.1 Rainwater and fog harvesting 45
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| − | 3.6.1.1 Rainwater harvesting 45
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| − | 3.6.1.1.1 Types of rainwater harvesting 45
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| − | 3.6.1.1.2 Components of rainwater harvesting system 46
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| − | 3.6.1.1.3 Estimation of the yield 47
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| − | 3.6.2 Hydrological Analysis of Surface Waters 47
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| − | 3.7 Other considerations for various water sources 55
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| − | 3.7.1 Water permits Considerations 55
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| − | 3.7.2 Conservation of water sources 55
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| − | 3.8 References 55
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| − | CHAPTER FOUR 56
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| − | WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT 56
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| − | 4.1 Water Demand Assessment 56
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| − | 4.2 General Factors Affecting Water Demand Assessment 57
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| − | 4.3 Determination of Water Demand for Different Uses 58
| |
| − | Step 7. Establish Net Water Demand 67
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| − | Step 9: Establish Operational water consumption 67
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| − | Step 10: Establish System water losses 68
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| − | Step 11 Establish Non-Revenue Water 69
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| − | 4.4 Variations in Water Consumption 70
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| − | 4.4.1 Definitions 70
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| − | 4.4.2 Variation in the Rate of Consumption 71
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| − | 4.4.2.1 Diurnal variation in demand 71
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| − | 4.4.3 Peak Factors 72
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| − | 4.4.4 Predicting Demand 74
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| − | 4.4.5 Design Demand 75
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| − | 4.5 References 75
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| − | CHAPTER FIVE 76
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| − | PIPELINES DESIGN 76
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| − | 5.1 Design Requirements of pipelines 76
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| − | 5.2 Types of pipelines 76
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| − | 5.3 Security considerations for pipelines 76
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| − | 5.3.1 Methods of water transmission and distribution 76
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| − | 5.3.2 Gravity flow 77
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| − | 5.3.3 Pumping with storage 77
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| − | 5.3.4 Direct pumping to the distribution system 77
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| − | 5.4 Pipeline Hydraulics Assessment 77
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| − | 5.4.1 Pressure 77
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| − | 5.4.2 Determination of Head Losses 77
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| − | 5.5 Water supply transmission system 79
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| − | 5.5.1 Determination of Transmission Pipe Size 79
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| − | 5.5.2 Maximum Pressure 79
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| − | 5.6 Distribution system 80
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| − | 5.6.1 Branched System 80
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| − | 5.6.2 Looped System 81
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| − | 5.7 Pipe network analysis 82
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| − | 5.7.1 Network analysis by Conventional method (Hardy Cross) 82
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| − | 5.7.2 Network Analysis by Computer Software 82
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| − | 5.7.2.1 EPANET Software 82
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| − | 5.7.3 Pipeline design criteria 85
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| − | 5.8 Pipeline materials selection 86
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| − | 5.8.1 Considerations in Selecting Pipeline Materials 86
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| − | 5.8.1.1 Flow Characteristics 86
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| − | 5.8.1.2 Pipe Strength 86
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| − | 5.8.1.3 Durability 87
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| − | 5.8.1.4 Type of Soil 87
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| − | 5.8.1.5 Availability 87
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| − | 5.8.1.6 Cost of Pipes 87
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| − | 5.8.2 Types of Pipe Materials Available 87
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| − | 5.8.2.1 Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes 87
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| − | 5.8.2.2 Plastic Pipes 87
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| − | 5.9 Appurtenances for transmission and distribution mains 88
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| − | 5.9.1 Valves 89
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| − | 5.9.1.1 Isolation Valves 89
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| − | 5.9.1.2 Check Valves 89
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| − | 5.9.1.3 Float Valves 89
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| − | 5.9.1.4 Air Release Valves 89
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| − | 5.9.1.5 Pressure Reducing Valves 89
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| − | 5.9.1.6 Washout valves 89
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| − | 5.9.2 Fittings 89
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| − | 5.10 References 90
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| − | CHAPTER SIX 91
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| − | PUMPING SYSTEMS 91
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| − | 6.1 Introduction 91
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| − | 6.2 Rationale 91
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| − | 6.3 Common Types of Pumps used in water supply 91
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| − | 6.4 Pumping System Setup 91
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| − | 6.5 Source of Pumping Power 92
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| − | 6.6 Pumping system design pump selection 92
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| − | 6.7 Pump Protection 95
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| − | 6.8 References 95
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| − | CHAPTER SEVEN 96
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| − | WATER TREATMENT 96
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| − | 7.1 Introduction 96
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| − | 7.1.1 Classification of the qualities of water sources found in Tanzania according to the complexity of its treatment 96
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| − | 7.1.2 Classification of Unit Operations to achieve water treatment levels 99
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| − | 7.2 Recommended overall design approach for treatment plant components 99
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| − | 7.3 Documents and websites consulted and those which are hyper-linked to the DCOM Manual 100
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| − | 7.4 Water treatment design considerations 100
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| − | 7.5 Water treatment levels and units 101
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| − | 7.5.1 Pre-treatment 101
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| − | 7.5.1.1 Scum and Floating Materials Skimmer 101
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| − | 7.5.1.2 Screening or straining 101
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| − | 7.5.1.3 Grit Removal 103
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| − | 7.5.1.3.1 Design criteria 103
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| − | 7.5.1.4 Sand Traps 105
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| − | 7.5.1.5 Pre-chlorination 107
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| − | 7.5.1.6 Water pre-conditioning (pH adjustment) 108
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| − | 7.5.2 Primary Treatment 108
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| − | 7.5.2.1 Sedimentation 108
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| − | 7.5.2.2 Primary Filtration 114
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| − | 7.5.2.2.1 Slow Sand Filtration 114
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| − | 7.5.2.2.2 Rapid Gravity Sand Filtration 117
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| − | 7.5.2.2.3 Comparison between Slow Sand Filters and Rapid Sand Filters 118
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| − | 7.5.2.2.4 Other Types of Filters 119
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| − | 7.5.2.3 Floatation 124
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| − | 7.5.2.3.1 Dissolved-Air Floatation 124
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| − | 7.5.2.3.2 Electrolytic Floatation 125
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| − | 7.5.2.3.3 Dispersed-Air Floatation 125
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| − | 7.5.2.4 Aeration 125
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| − | 7.5.2.4.1 Falling Water Aerators 126
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| − | 7.5.2.4.2 Spray Aerators 127
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| − | 7.5.3 Secondary Treatment 130
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| − | 7.5.3.1 Clarification 130
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| − | 7.5.3.2 Coagulation 130
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| − | 7.5.3.3 Flocculation 131
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| − | 7.5.3.4 Filtration 131
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| − | 7.5.4 Tertiary Treatment 132
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| − | 7.5.4.1 Disinfection 132
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| − | 7.5.4.1.1 Disinfection Methods 132
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| − | 7.5.4.1.2 Chlorinators 132
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| − | 7.5.4.1.3 Design considerations for chlorinators 133
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| − | 7.5.4.2 Ozonation 133
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| − | 7.5.4.3 Water softening 134
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| − | 7.5.4.3.1 Methods of Softening 135
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| − | 7.5.4.4 Defluoridation of Water 139
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| − | 7.5.4.4.1 Fluorides 139
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| − | 7.5.4.4.2 Defluoridation 139
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| − | 7.5.4.5 Water Conditioning 141
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| − | 7.5.5 Management of Water Treatment Sludge 141
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| − | 7.5.5.1 Treatment of Water Treatment Sludge 141
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| − | 7.5.5.1.1 Sludge Thickening 141
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| − | 7.5.5.1.2 Sludge Dewatering 143
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| − | 7.5.5.1.3 Sludge Drying Beds 144
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| − | 7.5.5.1.4 Sludge Lagoons 144
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| − | 7.5.5.1.5 Mechanical Sludge Dewatering 145
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| − | 7.5.5.1.6 Backwash Water Recovery 145
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| − | 7.5.5.1.7 Waste from Slow Sand Filters 146
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| − | 7.5.5.2 Disposal of sludge 147
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| − | 7.6 References 147
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| − | CHAPTER EIGHT 148
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| − | TREATMENT OF WATERS WITH SPECIAL CONTAMINANTS 148
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| − | 8.1 Natural Organic Matter 148
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| − | 8.2 Arsenic 149
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| − | 8.3 Radioactive 149
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| − | 8.4 Fluoride removal from drinking water 149
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| − | 8.5 Toxic Cyanobacteria in Drinking Water 150
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| − | 8.6 Available methods for removal of special water contaminants 152
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| − | 8.7 Desalination 152
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| − | 8.7.1 Additive method 152
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| − | 8.7.2 Adsorption methods 153
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| − | 8.7.3 Capacitive deionization (CDI) 153
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| − | 8.7.4 Membrane Filtration 154
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| − | 8.7.5 Reverse Osmosis 156
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| − | 8.8 References 158
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| − | CHAPTER NINE 159
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| − | DESIGN OF WATER STRUCTURES 159
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| − | 9.1 Sizing and Locating Water Structures 159
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| − | 9.1.1 Tanks 159
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| − | 9.1.1.1 Storage tanks 159
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| − | 9.1.1.2 Sedimentation/Settling Tanks 160
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| − | 9.1.1.3 Break Pressure Tanks 161
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| − | 9.1.2 Water Intakes 162
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| − | 9.1.3 Dams 164
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| − | 9.1.3.1 Engineering Classification of Dams 164
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| − | 9.1.3.2 Size classification of dams 164
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| − | 9.1.3.3 Feasibility and geotechnical investigations 166
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| − | 9.1.3.4 Hydrological analysis of the catchment 167
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| − | 9.1.4 Geotechnical Investigation 169
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| − | 9.1.4.1 Design of dams 170
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| − | 9.1.5 Boreholes 173
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| − | 9.1.5.1 Groundwater prospecting 179
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| − | 9.1.5.2 Drilling 182
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| − | 9.1.5.3 Siting of Well/Borehole 182
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| − | 9.1.5.4 Well design 183
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| − | 9.1.5.5 Pumping Tests 183
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| − | 9.1.5.6 Groundwater quality 187
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| − | 9.1.6 Water points and Service connections 190
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| − | 9.1.7 Common Types of Water Points 191
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| − | 9.1.8 Minimum Technical Requirements of Water Points 191
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| − | 9.1.9 Criteria for Design of Water Point/Kiosks 191
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| − | 9.1.10 Location Considerations for Water Points 192
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| − | 9.1.11 Technical Tips to Improve Water Points 193
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| − | 9.1.11.1 Rainwater harvesting 196
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| − | 9.1.11.2 Fog harvesting 200
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| − | 9.2 Structural Design of Concrete 201
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| − | 9.2.1 Structural requirements 201
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| − | 9.2.2 Methods 201
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| − | 9.2.2.1 Working Stress Method 201
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| − | 9.2.2.2 Ultimate Load Method 201
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| − | 9.2.2.3 Limit State Method 201
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| − | 9.3 References 201
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| − | CHAPTER TEN 203
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| − | APPLICATION SOFTWARE 203
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| − | 10.1 Application Software Contexts 203
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| − | 10.2 Recommended Application Software 203
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| − | 10.2.1 Distribution Network Design Software 203
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| − | 10.2.1.1 Epanet 203
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| − | 10.2.1.2 AutoCAD 204
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| − | 10.2.1.3 WaterCAD 204
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| − | 10.2.1.4 WaterGEMS 204
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| − | 10.2.1.5 KY PIPES 204
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| − | 10.2.1.6 GeoNode 204
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| − | 10.2.1.7 AutoStudio 204
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| − | 10.2.1.8 InfoWater 205
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| − | 10.2.1.9 GIS Software 205
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| − | 10.2.1.10 MS Project 205
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| − | 10.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Software 205
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| − | 10.2.2.1 MS Project 205
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| − | 10.2.2.2 Excel 205
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| − | 10.2.2.3 EDAMS 206
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| − | 10.2.3 Water Quality 206
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| − | 10.2.3.1 WaterCAD 206
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| − | 10.3 Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems 206
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| − | 10.4 References 207
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| − | CHAPTER ELEVEN 208
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| − | METERING 208
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| − | 11.1 Introduction 208
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| − | 11.2 Types of Water Meters 208
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| − | 11.3 Prepaid Meters 208
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| − | 11.4 Types of Prepaid water models commonly used in Tanzania 209
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| − | 11.5 Importance of Prepaid Water Metering 210
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| − | 11.6 Design Considerations for Prepaid Water Meters 210
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| − | 11.7 Design considerations for prepaid public standpipes 211
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| − | 11.8 Design consideration for individual domestic customer 212
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| − | 11.9 Design consideration for Commercial and Institutional Customers 212
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| − | 11.10 Importance of integrating Prepaid with Post paid revenue management 212
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| − | 11.11 Selection Criteria for Prepaid water meters 212
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| − | 11.12 References 214
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| − | 11.13 Internet Links: 216
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| − | CHAPTER TWELVE 217
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| − | DESIGN STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 217
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| − | 12.1 Design Standards 217
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| − | 12.2 Specifications 218
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| − | 12.3 Materials 218
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| − | 12.3.1 Building Materials 218
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| − | 12.3.2 Materials Testing 219
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| − | 12.3.2.1 Aggregates 219
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| − | 12.3.2.2 Water 221
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| − | 12.3.2.3 Cement 221
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| − | 12.3.2.4 Concrete Works 221
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| − | 12.3.2.5 Steel 222
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| − | 12.4 Soil Test 222
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| − | 12.4.1 Methodology of conducting Soil Investigation for borehole and test pit 222
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| − | 12.4.2 Soil Investigation for dams 223
| |
| − | 12.4.3 Suitability of soil materials for dam construction 223
| |
| − | 12.4.4 Determination of In-Situ Bearing Capacity of the Soil 224
| |
| − | 12.5 References: 227
| |
| − | CHAPTER THIRTEEN 228
| |
| − | ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS 228
| |
| − | 13.1 Types of Stakeholders 228
| |
| − | 13.2 Roles of stakeholders 228
| |
| − | 13.3 References 230
| |
| − | APPENDIX A: CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 232
| |
| − | APPENDIX B: MINIMUM WATER FLOW REQUIREMENT FOR FIRE FIGHTING 237
| |
| − | APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE: ESTIMATING THE CAPACITY OF TANK 239
| |
| − | APPENDIX D: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE 241
| |
| − | APPENDIX E: SUPPLY PUMPING SYSTEMS 251
| |
| − | APPENDIX F: SOURCE OF PUMPING POWER 263
| |
| − | APPENDIX G: ADDITIONAL DETAILS OF VARIOUS UNIT OPRATIONS 275
| |
| − | APPENDIX H: METHODS FOR DISINFECTING WATER 281
| |
| − | APPENDIX I: MEASUREMENTS OF WATER HARDNESS 287
| |
| − | APPENDIX J: BASIC STATISTICS USED IN ESTIMATION OF DESIGN OF FLOOD EVENTS 289
| |
| − | APPENDIX K: DAMS DETAIL DESIGN 294
| |
| − | APPENDIX L: STANDARD DRAWINGS 306
| |
| − | APPENDIX M: SELECTED INTAKE DESIGNS. 307
| |
| − | SUBJECT INDEX 309
| |
